Recombinant biological approaches are common for larger proteins requiring complex post-translational modifications, and are advantageous for peptide production in circumstances such as:

• Complexity: Biological methods enable complex peptide folding and specific post-translational modifications compared to chemical methods.

• Sustainability: Chemical methods use an excess of high-purity, expensive reagents and solvents to ensure reaction completion, leading to greater chemical waste, and could affect global supply chains for essential solvents.

• Peptide Length: Biological methods are better suited for producing longer peptides (>50 amino acids).
  

Solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) remains the gold standard for producing short to medium-length peptides, including therapeutic APIs like GLP-1 analogues or calcitonin. However, SPPS workflows can be complex, involving:

• Precise addition of protected amino acids.

• Efficient removal of protecting groups.

• Solvent management and reaction control.

Understanding the progress of peptide coupling reactions is critical. In-situ FTIR and Raman spectroscopy tools by METTLER TOLEDO provide real-time insight into each step of synthesis, allowing scientists to monitor deprotection and coupling reactions, identify incomplete reactions early, and reduce overuse of costly reagents.

Controlling temperature, stirring, and reagent addition precisely across different synthetic steps using Automated Reactors such as EasyMax™ and OptiMax™ helps with the optimization of reaction conditions, the development of a safe scale-up from milligrams to kilograms, and the achievement of high reproducibility for tech transfer.

pH control is critical for peptide cleavage and purification. METTLER TOLEDO provides InPro series sensors that are tailored for use in harsh solvents, ensuring robustness and regulatory compliance during acidic cleavage or basic wash steps.

Many peptides, especially interferons, enzymes, or fusion peptides, are produced using recombinant technologies in microbial or mammalian systems. These processes require strict environmental control and real-time monitoring to maintain cell viability, protein expression, and product quality.

pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), CO₂, and conductivity must be precisely controlled during fermentation. ISM sensors from METTLER TOLEDO provide reliable real-time measurements, predictive diagnostics, sensor lifecycle management, and integration with PAT (Process Analytical Technology) strategies.

Once synthesized or expressed, peptides undergo multiple steps of purification and formulation before reaching their final drug form. Reverse-phase HPLC, ultrafiltration, and lyophilization are common techniques used to achieve the purity and stability required for therapeutic use.

Accurate preparation of buffers, solvents, and excipients is critical at this stage. Inconsistent concentrations or pH deviations can reduce recovery or compromise product stability. Whether during ultrafiltration prep, final formulation blending, or freeze-drying optimization, precision and reproducibility are non-negotiable.

Weighing equipment, pH meters, and UV/Vis spectrophotometers integrated into lab or production environments enable reliable downstream execution and QC in peptide manufacturing. Importantly, when the generated data is centrally collected and managed, it strengthens traceability and supports regulatory documentation.

Additionally, high-precision moisture analysis and water content determination by KF titration support final formulation and stability testing, key in freeze-dried peptide products. Whether during development or commercial QC, laboratory software solutions ensure consistent analytical data for required regulatory compliance and product quality.

From initial amino acid weighing to final vial inspection, each step in the peptide production journey demands precision. As products near release, automated product inspection systems serve as a critical safeguard before products leave the facility. For peptide therapeutics, this includes:

• Physical contamination detection: X-ray inspection, metal detection or both to identify and remove physically contaminated products before entering the market.

• Fill level control: Checkweighing, vision inspection and X-ray inspection monitor, measure and regulate fill levels to meet strict dosage and regulatory specifications.

• Quality and integrity checks: Checkweighing, vision inspection and X-ray inspection perform integrity checks to help ensure pharmaceutical packages meet regulations and deliver safe, complete products to consumers.
  

• Label quality inspection: Vision inspection for label quality control to detect label-related defects and mitigate the risk of product recalls.

Product Inspection solutions from METTLER TOLEDO are designed for high-efficiency pharmaceutical environments, offering:

• GMP-compliant systems that integrate easily into existing lines.

• Traceable performance verification for audit-readiness.

• Support during the specification and qualification process, from evaluating the right application, selecting suitable product testing equipment and professional installation through to dedicated Equipment Qualification packs (EQpack) for efficient validation processes.
  

These systems not only protect product quality but also strengthen brand integrity and support regulatory compliance with agencies like the FDA, EMA, and global health authorities.